2025-11-07
This dataset include 463 confirmed cases admitted from 2018-08-05 to 2019-07-15.
56% women and 4% children ≤5 years.
150 confirmed deaths reported for an average CFR of 32%.
| Characteristic | Adult N = 3861 |
Children (<18) N = 621 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at admission | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 33 (18, 71) | 10 (0, 17) | – |
| Age Group | – | – | 0.00 |
| <5 | 0 (0%) | 18 (29%) | – |
| 5-17 | 0 (0%) | 44 (71%) | – |
| 18-24 | 90 (23%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| 25-34 | 115 (30%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| 35-49 | 122 (32%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| 50+ | 59 (15%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Gender | – | – | 0.75 |
| Male | 166 (43%) | 28 (45%) | – |
| Female | 220 (57%) | 34 (55%) | – |
| Patient occupation | – | – | 0.02 |
| Healthcare worker | 45 (19%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Non-healthcare worker | 111 (47%) | 21 (68%) | – |
| Unknown | 78 (33%) | 10 (32%) | – |
| Is the patient pregnant? | 15 (3.9%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0.71 |
| Admission Delay | – | – | 0.62 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 4.0 (0.0, 34.0) | 4.0 (0.0, 39.0) | – |
| Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? | 8 (2.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.61 |
| Diabetes | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| HIV | 3 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Bleeding | 33 (8.5%) | 7 (11%) | 0.48 |
| Fever | 197 (51%) | 51 (82%) | 0.00 |
| Diarrhoea | 142 (37%) | 17 (27%) | 0.15 |
| Shock | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Confusion | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Ebola RDT | – | – | 1.00 |
| Oraquick | 4 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Not done | 313 (99%) | 49 (100%) | – |
| Result of GeneXpert PCR | – | – | 0.36 |
| Positive | 322 (99%) | 50 (98%) | – |
| Negative | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (2.0%) | – |
| Indeterminate | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Ct (lowest) | – | – | 0.30 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 24 (15, 42) | 23 (16, 40) | – |
| Ct Below 23 | 124 (32%) | 21 (34%) | 0.78 |
| Hypokaliemia | 10 (2.6%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1.00 |
| Hyperkaliemia | 5 (1.3%) | 2 (3.2%) | 0.25 |
| Renal impairment | 41 (11%) | 3 (4.8%) | 0.16 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 17 (4.4%) | 2 (3.2%) | 1.00 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 6 (1.6%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1.00 |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | 0.41 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 168 (27, 385) | 106 (88, 164) | – |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | 0.40 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 13.30 (9.00, 17.90) | 12.00 (10.60, 13.80) | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | 0.57 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 8.20 (4.00, 10.40) | 8.50 (7.50, 9.70) | – |
| Antibacterial treatment | 326 (84%) | 52 (84%) | 0.91 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 285 (74%) | 43 (69%) | 0.46 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 64 (17%) | 13 (21%) | 0.40 |
| Blood transfusion | 1 (0.3%) | 2 (3.2%) | 0.05 |
| Ebola experimental treatment at admission | 170 (44%) | 25 (40%) | 0.58 |
| Type of Ebola experimental treament at admission | – | – | 0.37 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 43 (11%) | 4 (6.5%) | – |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 53 (14%) | 5 (8.1%) | – |
| Zmapp | 7 (1.8%) | 1 (1.6%) | – |
| mAb114 | 64 (17%) | 15 (24%) | – |
| None | 219 (57%) | 37 (60%) | – |
| Ebola experimental treatment | 306 (79%) | 45 (73%) | 0.23 |
| Type of Ebola experimental treament | – | – | 0.20 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 93 (24%) | 11 (18%) | – |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 113 (29%) | 12 (19%) | – |
| Zmapp | 22 (5.7%) | 5 (8.1%) | – |
| mAb114 | 78 (20%) | 17 (27%) | – |
| None | 80 (21%) | 17 (27%) | – |
| Days from Treament Initiation | – | – | 0.38 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 4.0 (-361.0, 36.0) | 5.0 (0.0, 32.0) | – |
| Delay from Treament | – | – | 0.36 |
| Less than 3 days | 69 (23%) | 11 (24%) | – |
| 3 to 5 days | 84 (28%) | 8 (18%) | – |
| More than 5 days | 150 (50%) | 26 (58%) | – |
| Outcome at discharge | – | – | 0.48 |
| Death | 126 (33%) | 20 (32%) | – |
| Full recovery with sequelae | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Full recovery without sequelae | 216 (56%) | 31 (50%) | – |
| Referred to another facility | 2 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Unknown | 41 (11%) | 11 (18%) | – |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test | |||
| Characteristic | Deceased N = 1501 |
Recovered N = 2581 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at admission | – | – | 0.87 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 30 (3, 70) | 32 (0, 71) | – |
| Age Group | – | – | 0.27 |
| <5 | 2 (1.4%) | 11 (4.4%) | – |
| 5-17 | 18 (12%) | 20 (8.1%) | – |
| 18-24 | 26 (18%) | 53 (21%) | – |
| 25-34 | 44 (30%) | 60 (24%) | – |
| 35-49 | 37 (25%) | 71 (29%) | – |
| 50+ | 19 (13%) | 33 (13%) | – |
| Gender | – | – | 0.69 |
| Male | 67 (45%) | 110 (43%) | – |
| Female | 83 (55%) | 148 (57%) | – |
| Patient occupation | – | – | 0.03 |
| Healthcare worker | 9 (11%) | 33 (23%) | – |
| Non-healthcare worker | 38 (46%) | 67 (47%) | – |
| Unknown | 36 (43%) | 43 (30%) | – |
| Is the patient pregnant? | 5 (3.3%) | 11 (4.3%) | 0.64 |
| Admission Delay | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 5.0 (0.0, 39.0) | 3.0 (0.0, 32.0) | – |
| Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? | 4 (2.7%) | 3 (1.2%) | 0.27 |
| Diabetes | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.37 |
| HIV | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.56 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.00 |
| Bleeding | 22 (15%) | 15 (5.8%) | 0.00 |
| Fever | 88 (59%) | 144 (56%) | 0.57 |
| Diarrhoea | 70 (47%) | 78 (30%) | 0.00 |
| Shock | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.13 |
| Confusion | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.37 |
| Ebola RDT | – | – | 0.63 |
| Oraquick | 2 (1.6%) | 2 (0.9%) | – |
| Not done | 126 (98%) | 212 (99%) | – |
| Result of GeneXpert PCR | – | – | 0.71 |
| Positive | 130 (100%) | 212 (99%) | – |
| Negative | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.9%) | – |
| Indeterminate | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.5%) | – |
| Ct (lowest) | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 21 (13, 40) | 29 (18, 42) | – |
| Ct Below 23 | 93 (62%) | 41 (16%) | 0.00 |
| Hypokaliemia | 1 (0.7%) | 9 (3.5%) | 0.10 |
| Hyperkaliemia | 6 (4.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.06 |
| Renal impairment | 20 (13%) | 22 (8.5%) | 0.12 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 13 (8.7%) | 6 (2.3%) | 0.00 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 4 (2.7%) | 2 (0.8%) | 0.20 |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | 0.56 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 164 (30, 385) | 142 (27, 385) | – |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | 0.28 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 13.80 (10.60, 17.90) | 12.90 (9.00, 17.90) | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 7.75 (4.00, 9.00) | 8.70 (4.00, 10.40) | – |
| Antibacterial treatment | 136 (91%) | 207 (80%) | 0.01 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 119 (79%) | 177 (69%) | 0.02 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 21 (14%) | 49 (19%) | 0.20 |
| Blood transfusion | 4 (2.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.02 |
| Ebola experimental treatment at admission | 72 (48%) | 105 (41%) | 0.15 |
| Type of Ebola experimental treament at admission | – | – | 0.00 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 22 (15%) | 27 (10%) | – |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 26 (17%) | 22 (8.5%) | – |
| Zmapp | 5 (3.3%) | 1 (0.4%) | – |
| mAb114 | 18 (12%) | 53 (21%) | – |
| None | 79 (53%) | 155 (60%) | – |
| Ebola experimental treatment | 122 (81%) | 205 (79%) | 0.65 |
| Type of Ebola experimental treament | – | – | 0.00 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 33 (22%) | 72 (28%) | – |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 55 (37%) | 57 (22%) | – |
| Zmapp | 11 (7.3%) | 10 (3.9%) | – |
| mAb114 | 23 (15%) | 66 (26%) | – |
| None | 28 (19%) | 53 (21%) | – |
| Days from Treament Initiation | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 5.0 (-4.0, 36.0) | 4.0 (-361.0, 32.0) | – |
| Delay from Treament | – | – | 0.00 |
| Less than 3 days | 14 (12%) | 65 (32%) | – |
| 3 to 5 days | 34 (28%) | 47 (23%) | – |
| More than 5 days | 73 (60%) | 91 (45%) | – |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test | |||
| Characteristic | Male N = 2031 |
Female N = 2601 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at admission | – | – | 0.56 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 32 (0, 71) | 30 (0, 70) | – |
| Age Group | – | – | 0.06 |
| <5 | 9 (4.6%) | 9 (3.5%) | – |
| 5-17 | 19 (9.8%) | 25 (9.8%) | – |
| 18-24 | 30 (15%) | 60 (24%) | – |
| 25-34 | 55 (28%) | 60 (24%) | – |
| 35-49 | 62 (32%) | 60 (24%) | – |
| 50+ | 19 (9.8%) | 40 (16%) | – |
| Patient occupation | – | – | 0.17 |
| Healthcare worker | 22 (18%) | 23 (15%) | – |
| Non-healthcare worker | 64 (54%) | 71 (46%) | – |
| Unknown | 33 (28%) | 59 (39%) | – |
| Is the patient pregnant? | 0 (0%) | 16 (6.2%) | 0.00 |
| Admission Delay | – | – | 0.33 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 4.0 (0.0, 28.0) | 4.0 (0.0, 39.0) | – |
| Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? | 3 (1.5%) | 5 (1.9%) | 1.00 |
| Diabetes | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.00 |
| HIV | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1.00 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.44 |
| Bleeding | 13 (6.4%) | 28 (11%) | 0.10 |
| Fever | 115 (57%) | 145 (56%) | 0.85 |
| Diarrhoea | 62 (31%) | 101 (39%) | 0.06 |
| Shock | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.00 |
| Confusion | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.00 |
| Ebola RDT | – | – | 0.63 |
| Oraquick | 1 (0.6%) | 3 (1.4%) | – |
| Not done | 170 (99%) | 205 (99%) | – |
| Result of GeneXpert PCR | – | – | 0.34 |
| Positive | 173 (99%) | 213 (99%) | – |
| Negative | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.9%) | – |
| Indeterminate | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Ct (lowest) | – | – | 0.62 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 24 (13, 40) | 24 (15, 42) | – |
| Ct Below 23 | 73 (36%) | 79 (30%) | 0.20 |
| Hypokaliemia | 3 (1.5%) | 8 (3.1%) | 0.36 |
| Hyperkaliemia | 3 (1.5%) | 5 (1.9%) | 1.00 |
| Renal impairment | 18 (8.9%) | 26 (10%) | 0.68 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 11 (5.4%) | 8 (3.1%) | 0.21 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 2 (1.0%) | 5 (1.9%) | 0.47 |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | 0.84 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 166 (142, 181) | 153 (27, 385) | – |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | 0.74 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 12.45 (10.60, 14.00) | 13.15 (9.00, 17.90) | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | 0.90 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 8.30 (4.00, 9.70) | 8.25 (4.00, 10.40) | – |
| Antibacterial treatment | 173 (85%) | 217 (83%) | 0.61 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 160 (79%) | 177 (68%) | 0.01 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 38 (19%) | 41 (16%) | 0.40 |
| Blood transfusion | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (0.8%) | 1.00 |
| Ebola experimental treatment at admission | 89 (44%) | 113 (43%) | 0.93 |
| Type of Ebola experimental treament at admission | – | – | 0.29 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 27 (13%) | 24 (9.2%) | – |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 25 (12%) | 34 (13%) | – |
| Zmapp | 1 (0.5%) | 7 (2.7%) | – |
| mAb114 | 34 (17%) | 47 (18%) | – |
| None | 116 (57%) | 148 (57%) | – |
| Ebola experimental treatment | 162 (80%) | 200 (77%) | 0.46 |
| Type of Ebola experimental treament | – | – | 0.24 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 54 (27%) | 55 (21%) | – |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 57 (28%) | 69 (27%) | – |
| Zmapp | 7 (3.4%) | 20 (7.7%) | – |
| mAb114 | 44 (22%) | 56 (22%) | – |
| None | 41 (20%) | 60 (23%) | – |
| Days from Treament Initiation | – | – | 0.32 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 4.0 (-361.0, 28.0) | 5.0 (-6.0, 36.0) | – |
| Delay from Treament | – | – | 0.68 |
| Less than 3 days | 40 (25%) | 46 (23%) | – |
| 3 to 5 days | 45 (28%) | 49 (25%) | – |
| More than 5 days | 76 (47%) | 102 (52%) | – |
| Outcome at discharge | – | – | 0.88 |
| Death | 67 (33%) | 83 (32%) | – |
| Full recovery with sequelae | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | – |
| Full recovery without sequelae | 110 (54%) | 147 (57%) | – |
| Referred to another facility | 2 (1.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | – |
| Unknown | 24 (12%) | 28 (11%) | – |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Wilcoxon rank sum test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test | |||
| Characteristic | Less than 3 days N = 861 |
3 to 5 days N = 941 |
More than 5 days N = 1781 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at admission | – | – | – | 0.39 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 31 (0, 62) | 30 (0, 71) | 32 (2, 70) | – |
| Age Group | – | – | – | – |
| <5 | 8 (10%) | 1 (1.1%) | 4 (2.3%) | – |
| 5-17 | 3 (3.8%) | 7 (7.6%) | 22 (13%) | – |
| 18-24 | 18 (23%) | 17 (18%) | 35 (20%) | – |
| 25-34 | 25 (31%) | 33 (36%) | 34 (19%) | – |
| 35-49 | 18 (23%) | 25 (27%) | 55 (31%) | – |
| 50+ | 8 (10%) | 9 (9.8%) | 26 (15%) | – |
| Gender | – | – | – | 0.68 |
| Male | 40 (47%) | 45 (48%) | 76 (43%) | – |
| Female | 46 (53%) | 49 (52%) | 102 (57%) | – |
| Patient occupation | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Healthcare worker | 14 (32%) | 13 (22%) | 11 (11%) | – |
| Non-healthcare worker | 14 (32%) | 16 (27%) | 50 (51%) | – |
| Unknown | 16 (36%) | 31 (52%) | 38 (38%) | – |
| Is the patient pregnant? | 3 (3.5%) | 2 (2.1%) | 7 (3.9%) | 0.81 |
| Admission Delay | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 1.0 (0.0, 2.0) | 3.0 (0.0, 4.0) | 6.0 (1.0, 39.0) | – |
| Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? | 1 (1.2%) | 2 (2.1%) | 3 (1.7%) | 1.00 |
| Diabetes | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1.00 |
| HIV | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.13 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1.00 |
| Bleeding | 4 (4.7%) | 5 (5.3%) | 25 (14%) | 0.01 |
| Fever | 55 (64%) | 47 (50%) | 103 (58%) | 0.16 |
| Diarrhoea | 22 (26%) | 33 (35%) | 77 (43%) | 0.02 |
| Shock | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.74 |
| Confusion | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1.00 |
| Ebola RDT | – | – | – | 0.81 |
| Oraquick | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.2%) | – |
| Not done | 75 (99%) | 73 (100%) | 136 (98%) | – |
| Result of GeneXpert PCR | – | – | – | 1.00 |
| Positive | 78 (100%) | 76 (100%) | 141 (99%) | – |
| Negative | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.7%) | – |
| Indeterminate | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Ct (lowest) | – | – | – | 0.02 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 27 (13, 40) | 23 (16, 38) | 24 (15, 40) | – |
| Ct Below 23 | 21 (24%) | 34 (36%) | 60 (34%) | 0.20 |
| Hypokaliemia | 0 (0%) | 4 (4.3%) | 4 (2.2%) | 0.14 |
| Hyperkaliemia | 2 (2.3%) | 1 (1.1%) | 4 (2.2%) | 0.79 |
| Renal impairment | 6 (7.0%) | 9 (9.6%) | 24 (13%) | 0.25 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 2 (2.3%) | 4 (4.3%) | 12 (6.7%) | 0.36 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 2 (1.1%) | 1.00 |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | – | 0.29 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 44 (30, 168) | 122 (27, 318) | 164 (61, 385) | – |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | – | 0.55 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 13.40 (13.10, 14.00) | 14.00 (12.00, 16.00) | 12.90 (9.00, 17.90) | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | – | 0.77 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 8.20 (4.00, 9.70) | 7.90 (4.00, 9.40) | 8.30 (4.00, 10.40) | – |
| Antibacterial treatment | 64 (74%) | 82 (87%) | 149 (84%) | 0.06 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 54 (63%) | 73 (78%) | 126 (71%) | 0.09 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 23 (27%) | 12 (13%) | 28 (16%) | 0.03 |
| Blood transfusion | 2 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.21 |
| Type of Ebola experimental treament | – | – | – | – |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 27 (31%) | 29 (31%) | 52 (29%) | – |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 22 (26%) | 42 (45%) | 61 (34%) | – |
| Zmapp | 4 (4.7%) | 3 (3.2%) | 20 (11%) | – |
| mAb114 | 33 (38%) | 20 (21%) | 45 (25%) | – |
| None | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Days from Treament Initiation | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 2.0 (-361.0, 2.0) | 3.0 (3.0, 4.0) | 7.0 (5.0, 36.0) | – |
| Outcome at discharge | – | – | – | 0.00 |
| Death | 14 (16%) | 34 (36%) | 73 (41%) | – |
| Full recovery with sequelae | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.6%) | – |
| Full recovery without sequelae | 65 (76%) | 47 (50%) | 90 (51%) | – |
| Referred to another facility | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (0.6%) | – |
| Unknown | 7 (8.1%) | 12 (13%) | 13 (7.3%) | – |
| 1 n (%) | ||||
| 2 Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test; NA; Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test | ||||
| Characteristic | Above 23 N = 2011 |
Below 23 N = 1521 |
p-value2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| adult_child | – | – | 0.55 |
| Adult | 172 (88%) | 124 (86%) | – |
| Children (<18) | 24 (12%) | 21 (14%) | – |
| Age at admission | – | – | 0.23 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 32 (0, 70) | 30 (2, 66) | – |
| Age Group | – | – | 0.17 |
| <5 | 10 (5.1%) | 5 (3.4%) | – |
| 5-17 | 14 (7.1%) | 16 (11%) | – |
| 18-24 | 43 (22%) | 28 (19%) | – |
| 25-34 | 43 (22%) | 44 (30%) | – |
| 35-49 | 53 (27%) | 38 (26%) | – |
| 50+ | 33 (17%) | 14 (9.7%) | – |
| Gender | – | – | 0.43 |
| Male | 88 (44%) | 73 (48%) | – |
| Female | 113 (56%) | 79 (52%) | – |
| Patient occupation | – | – | 0.47 |
| Healthcare worker | 17 (14%) | 12 (13%) | – |
| Non-healthcare worker | 68 (56%) | 43 (48%) | – |
| Unknown | 37 (30%) | 34 (38%) | – |
| Is the patient pregnant? | 5 (2.5%) | 7 (4.6%) | 0.28 |
| Admission Delay | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 3.0 (0.0, 34.0) | 5.0 (0.0, 33.0) | – |
| Does the patient have any comorbid conditions? | 2 (1.0%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0.41 |
| Diabetes | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.43 |
| HIV | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.18 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.43 |
| Bleeding | 13 (6.5%) | 23 (15%) | 0.01 |
| Fever | 110 (55%) | 92 (61%) | 0.28 |
| Diarrhoea | 60 (30%) | 69 (45%) | 0.00 |
| Shock | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.18 |
| Confusion | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1.00 |
| Ebola RDT | – | – | 1.00 |
| Oraquick | 2 (1.0%) | 2 (1.4%) | – |
| Not done | 189 (99%) | 145 (99%) | – |
| Result of GeneXpert PCR | – | – | 1.00 |
| Positive | 201 (100%) | 152 (100%) | – |
| Negative | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Indeterminate | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | – |
| Ct (lowest) | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 29 (23, 42) | 20 (13, 23) | – |
| Ct Below 23 | 0 (0%) | 152 (100%) | 0.00 |
| Hypokaliemia | 8 (4.0%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.36 |
| Hyperkaliemia | 2 (1.0%) | 6 (3.9%) | 0.08 |
| Renal impairment | 18 (9.0%) | 23 (15%) | 0.07 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 7 (3.5%) | 12 (7.9%) | 0.07 |
| Severe hypoglycemia | 3 (1.5%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0.47 |
| Platelets (x10⁹/L) | – | – | 0.09 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 148 (27, 237) | 216 (88, 385) | – |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | – | – | 0.96 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 13.10 (9.00, 17.90) | 13.00 (10.10, 17.90) | – |
| Calcium (mmol/L) US | – | – | 0.00 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 8.70 (4.00, 10.40) | 7.80 (4.00, 9.90) | – |
| Antibacterial treatment | 176 (88%) | 137 (90%) | 0.45 |
| Antimalarial treatment | 162 (81%) | 114 (75%) | 0.21 |
| Oral/orogastric fluids | 35 (17%) | 30 (20%) | 0.58 |
| Blood transfusion | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.0%) | 0.08 |
| Ebola experimental treatment at admission | 87 (43%) | 78 (51%) | 0.13 |
| Type of Ebola experimental treament at admission | – | – | 0.01 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 19 (9.5%) | 29 (19%) | – |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 25 (12%) | 25 (16%) | – |
| Zmapp | 2 (1.0%) | 5 (3.3%) | – |
| mAb114 | 41 (20%) | 17 (11%) | – |
| None | 114 (57%) | 76 (50%) | – |
| Ebola experimental treatment | 156 (78%) | 116 (76%) | 0.77 |
| Type of Ebola experimental treament | – | – | 0.13 |
| REGN3470-3471-3479 | 42 (21%) | 45 (30%) | – |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 53 (26%) | 41 (27%) | – |
| Zmapp | 10 (5.0%) | 7 (4.6%) | – |
| mAb114 | 51 (25%) | 23 (15%) | – |
| None | 45 (22%) | 36 (24%) | – |
| Days from Treament Initiation | – | – | 0.33 |
| Median (Min, Max) | 4.0 (0.0, 36.0) | 5.0 (-6.0, 28.0) | – |
| Delay from Treament | – | – | 0.13 |
| Less than 3 days | 45 (29%) | 21 (18%) | – |
| 3 to 5 days | 39 (25%) | 34 (30%) | – |
| More than 5 days | 71 (46%) | 60 (52%) | – |
| Outcome at discharge | – | – | 0.00 |
| Death | 29 (14%) | 93 (61%) | – |
| Full recovery without sequelae | 148 (74%) | 41 (27%) | – |
| Referred to another facility | 1 (0.5%) | 2 (1.3%) | – |
| Unknown | 23 (11%) | 16 (11%) | – |
| 1 n (%) | |||
| 2 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test | |||
\[ Ct_{ij} = \beta_0 + \beta_1 (\text{Time from Onset}_{ij}) + \beta_2 (\text{Outcome}_i) + \beta_3 (\text{Time from Onset} \times \text{Outcome}_i) + u_i + \epsilon_{ij} \]
These complications are inferred from laboratory results :
| Symptom Grouping Used for Analysis | |
|---|---|
| Category | Variables |
| CNS signs | agitation_anytime, coma_p_u_in_avpu_scoring, coma, desorientation_anytime, seizure_anytime, headache_anytime, irritability_confusion_anytime |
| Bleeding signs | unusual_bleeding_bruising_anytime, bleeding |
| Gastrointestinal signs | diarrhoea_anytime, nausea_vomiting_anytime, abdominal_pain_anytime, anorexia_anytime, dysphagia_anytime |
| Renal signs | renal_impairment, anuria_anytime |
| Dehydration signs | anuria_anytime, signs_of_dehydration_anytime |
| Variable | Relative Risk (95% CI) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| CT at Admission | 0.86 (0.84-0.89) | ⬇ |
| Admission Delay | 1.03 (1.01-1.04) | ⬆ |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 1.47 (1.1-1.96) | ⬆ |
| Zmapp | 1.19 (0.78-1.8) | ↔︎ |
| mAb114 | 1.03 (0.72-1.49) | ↔︎ |
| None | 1.16 (0.81-1.66) | ↔︎ |
| Bleeding Signs | 1.27 (1.03-1.57) | ⬆ |
| Signs of Renal Impairment | 1.07 (0.78-1.48) | ↔︎ |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 1.14 (0.8-1.62) | ↔︎ |
| Variable | Relative Risk (95% CI) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| CT at Admission | 0.86 (0.83-0.89) | ⬇ |
| Treatment Delay (days) | 1.03 (1.01-1.05) | ⬆ |
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 1.47 (1.11-1.95) | ⬆ |
| Zmapp | 1.3 (0.87-1.93) | ↔︎ |
| mAb114 | 1.03 (0.72-1.48) | ↔︎ |
| Pregnancy | 0.69 (0.28-1.68) | ↔︎ |
| Bleeding Signs | 1.3 (1.03-1.63) | ⬆ |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 1.17 (0.83-1.65) | ↔︎ |
| Variable | Relative Risk (95% CI) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| Age 5-17 | 0.19 (0.02-1.5) | ↔︎ |
| Age 35-49 | 1.34 (0.81-2.24) | ↔︎ |
| Pregnancy | 1.86 (0.82-4.2) | ↔︎ |
| CT at Admission | 0.95 (0.91-1) | ⬇ |
| mAb114 | 0.6 (0.29-1.24) | ↔︎ |
| Hyperkaliemia | 1.93 (0.46-8.11) | ↔︎ |
| Hypokaliemia | 5.24 (2.45-11.2) | ⬆ |
| Bleeding Signs | 0.51 (0.28-0.9) | ⬇ |
| Signs of Dehydratation | 3.21 (1.79-5.76) | ⬆ |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 3.91 (2.02-7.57) | ⬆ |
| Severe Hypoglycemia | 1.85 (0.37-9.16) | ↔︎ |
| Variable | Relative Risk (95% CI) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| Age 25-34 | 1.39 (1.01-1.91) | ⬆ |
| Age 50+ | 0.81 (0.45-1.46) | ↔︎ |
| CT at Admission | 0.94 (0.92-0.97) | ⬇ |
| GastroIntestinal Signs | 1.91 (0.74-4.92) | ↔︎ |
| Signs of Renal Impairment | 0.6 (0.37-0.97) | ⬇ |
| Signs of Dehydratation | 1.86 (1.33-2.59) | ⬆ |
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: EVD Outcome | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT at admission | 358 | 134 | 0.74 | 0.69, 0.79 | <0.001 | *** | ⬇ | 0.86 (0.84-0.89) | ||
| Delay from Onset to Admission | 358 | 134 | 1.15 | 1.07, 1.25 | <0.001 | *** | ⬆ | 1.03 (1.01-1.04) | ||
| Remdesivir | 358 | 134 | 2.96 | 1.39, 6.49 | 0.006 | ** | ⬆ | 1.47 (1.1-1.96) | ||
| Zmapp | 358 | 134 | 2.16 | 0.58, 8.27 | 0.25 | ⬆ | 1.19 (0.78-1.8) | |||
| MAb114 | 358 | 134 | 1.09 | 0.45, 2.63 | 0.85 | ⬆ | 1.03 (0.72-1.49) | |||
| No Treatments | 358 | 134 | 1.47 | 0.64, 3.39 | 0.36 | ⬆ | 1.16 (0.81-1.66) | |||
| Bleeding Signs | 358 | 134 | 1.73 | 0.95, 3.15 | 0.073 | . | ⬆ | 1.90 | 1.27 (1.03-1.57) | |
| Signs of Renal Impairment | 358 | 134 | 0.99 | 0.44, 2.21 | 0.98 | ⬇ | 1.45 | 1.07 (0.78-1.48) | ||
| Rhabdomyolysis | 358 | 134 | 1.46 | 0.43, 5.51 | 0.56 | ⬆ | 1.92 | 1.14 (0.8-1.62) | ||
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: EVD Outcome among Treated | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT at admission | 290 | 110 | 0.72 | 0.66, 0.78 | <0.001 | *** | ⬇ | 0.86 (0.83-0.89) | ||
| Treatment Delay (days) | 290 | 110 | 1.13 | 1.04, 1.23 | 0.005 | ** | ⬆ | 1.03 (1.01-1.05) | ||
| Remdesivir (GS-5734) | 290 | 110 | 3.09 | 1.43, 6.97 | 0.005 | ** | ⬆ | 1.47 (1.11-1.95) | ||
| Zmapp | 290 | 110 | 2.17 | 0.60, 8.25 | 0.24 | ⬆ | 1.3 (0.87-1.93) | |||
| mAb114 | 290 | 110 | 1.15 | 0.47, 2.84 | 0.76 | ⬆ | 1.03 (0.72-1.48) | |||
| Pregnancy | 290 | 110 | 0.37 | 0.07, 1.66 | 0.21 | ⬇ | 0.65 | 0.69 (0.28-1.68) | ||
| Bleeding Signs | 290 | 110 | 1.99 | 1.01, 3.96 | 0.048 | * | ⬆ | 2.02 | 1.3 (1.03-1.63) | |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 290 | 110 | 1.53 | 0.46, 5.55 | 0.49 | ⬆ | 1.85 | 1.17 (0.83-1.65) | ||
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: Renal Impairment | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 5-17 | 358 | 49 | 0.04 | 0.00, 0.42 | 0.024 | * | ⬇ | 0.19 (0.02-1.5) | ||
| Age 35-49 | 358 | 49 | 1.64 | 0.71, 3.72 | 0.24 | ⬆ | 1.34 (0.81-2.24) | |||
| Pregnancy | 358 | 49 | 2.26 | 0.49, 9.12 | 0.27 | ⬆ | 1.90 | 1.86 (0.82-4.2) | ||
| CT at admission | 358 | 49 | 0.93 | 0.86, 0.99 | 0.037 | * | ⬇ | 0.95 (0.91-1) | ||
| MAb114 | 358 | 49 | 0.46 | 0.11, 1.44 | 0.22 | ⬇ | 0.6 (0.29-1.24) | |||
| hyperkaliemia | 358 | 49 | 44.2 | 3.98, 717 | 0.003 | ** | ⬆ | 5.70 | 1.93 (0.46-8.11) | |
| hypokaliemia | 358 | 49 | 11.3 | 2.22, 55.3 | 0.002 | ** | ⬆ | 3.09 | 5.24 (2.45-11.2) | |
| Bleeding Signs | 358 | 49 | 0.33 | 0.12, 0.82 | 0.022 | * | ⬇ | 0.85 | 0.51 (0.28-0.9) | |
| Signs of Dehydratation | 358 | 49 | 10.0 | 4.04, 25.8 | <0.001 | *** | ⬆ | 4.35 | 3.21 (1.79-5.76) | |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 358 | 49 | 35.7 | 9.90, 156 | <0.001 | *** | ⬆ | 7.14 | 3.91 (2.02-7.57) | |
| Severe Hypoglycemia anytime | 358 | 49 | 13.4 | 1.31, 140 | 0.022 | * | ⬆ | 5.21 | 1.85 (0.37-9.16) | |
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: Bleeding | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 25-34 | 358 | 107 | 1.71 | 0.99, 2.95 | 0.052 | . | ⬆ | 1.39 (1.01-1.91) | ||
| Age 50+ | 358 | 107 | 0.74 | 0.31, 1.62 | 0.46 | ⬇ | 0.81 (0.45-1.46) | |||
| CT at admission | 358 | 107 | 0.92 | 0.88, 0.96 | <0.001 | *** | ⬇ | 0.94 (0.92-0.97) | ||
| GastroIntestinal Signs | 358 | 107 | 2.25 | 0.81, 7.98 | 0.16 | ⬆ | 2.70 | 1.91 (0.74-4.92) | ||
| Signs of Renal Impairment | 358 | 107 | 0.42 | 0.19, 0.90 | 0.031 | * | ⬇ | 0.87 | 0.6 (0.37-0.97) | |
| Signs of Dehydratation | 358 | 107 | 3.19 | 1.59, 6.58 | 0.001 | ** | ⬆ | 2.02 | 1.86 (1.33-2.59) | |
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
EVD - North Kivu 2019